What is the condition characterized by the accumulation of fats or mineral deposits on the inner walls of the arteries?

The condition characterized by the accumulation of fats or mineral deposits on the inner walls of the arteries is atherosclerosis. This process involves the buildup of plaques, which are made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin, leading to the narrowing and hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, as it can restrict blood flow, potentially resulting in heart attacks and strokes.

The other conditions listed differ significantly in their nature and effects. Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints, leading to pain and stiffness. An aneurysm is a localized widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the vessel wall, which can lead to serious complications if it ruptures. Angina, on the other hand, describes chest pain or discomfort resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often due to underlying atherosclerosis but not characterized by the accumulation of deposits in the arteries themselves.