Which glands are located on the thyroid gland and regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

The parathyroid glands are responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. These small glands are typically located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a key role in maintaining the body’s calcium levels. When calcium levels in the blood are low, PTH is released, prompting the bones to release calcium, the kidneys to retain calcium, and the intestines to absorb more calcium from food.

In contrast, the thyroid gland primarily regulates metabolism and energy balance through thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The adrenal glands produce hormones related to stress response and metabolism, and the hypothalamus is involved in regulating various hormonal and metabolic processes, but it does not directly regulate calcium and phosphorus. Thus, the parathyroid glands are distinct in their specific role of managing calcium and phosphorus levels in the body.