Which type of deposit is also known as tartar on the teeth?

Calculus is the correct choice, as it specifically refers to the hardened form of dental plaque that has mineralized over time. This mineralization occurs due to the accumulation of calcium and phosphate from saliva and can strongly adhere to the tooth surface. The presence of calculus can contribute to dental issues such as gum disease, cavities, and bad breath if not properly managed through regular dental hygiene practices.

In terms of definitions, biofilm refers to a collection of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces, often within a matrix of secreted polymers. While dental plaque starts as a biofilm, it is the calcification of this plaque that leads to the formation of calculus. The term "stone" typically refers to larger, more solid formations in various bodily contexts, not dental deposits. Mineral deposits also encompass a broader range of substances and are not specific to dental health, making it less accurate in this context. Thus, calculus is the precise terminology used to describe the build-up of tartar on teeth.